Production of phenolics by seagrasses: patterns and ecological significance

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator:
Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL): Valentine Lab
Publication_Date:
Unpublished material
Title:
Production of phenolics by seagrasses: patterns and ecological significance
Description:
Abstract:
A change in the production of chemical deterrents by a plant following herbivory that reduces future incidences of grazing is referred to as inducible resistance. Most of our current knowledge of inducible resistance comes from terrestrial ecosystems, and the few studies of inducible resistance in marine systems use macroalgae as their plant model. Phenolic compounds are a class of phytochemicals often involved in inducible resistance in terrestrial plants and macroalgae, and their production is thought to be metabolically costly to these plants. These compounds are found in seagrasses, but their role is not understood. Seagrasses are marine vascular plants that provide habitat for ecologically and economically important fish and invertebrate species. Seagrasses are in decline worldwide, and many researchers attribute this to increases in nutrient loading in coastal areas. Among other effects, increased nutrients can change the rate of production of phenolic compounds in seagrasses, although the specific effects of nutrient levels on seagrass phenolic production are unclear. Though they are in decline, seagrasses persist in areas of high grazing pressure and are known to possess the most common class of inducible chemical deterrents, which makes them excellent candidates for the study of inducible resistance. Here, I propose a study that will expand our understanding of the role of inducible resistance in seagrass systems. This study will determine if production of phenolic compounds is induced in two seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii) by grazing by three grazers (a sea urchin, a limpet, and an amphipod). It will also determine if production of phenolics by these seagrasses is costly to the plants and how nutrient additions affect production of phenolics by these seagrasses.
Purpose:
The study addresses the following objectives: 1)Determine if phenolics (phenolic acids and condensed tannins) of two common subtropical seagrasses, Thalassia testudinum (turtlegrass) and Halodule wrightii (shoalgrass), are induced by grazing and determine the extent to which these compounds deter feeding by selected grazers 2)Determine costs of production of phenolic acids and condensed tannins to turtlegrass and shoalgrass 3)Determine how nutrient inputs influence the production of phenolic acids and condensed tannins in turtlegrass and shoalgrass 4)Determine how phenolic acid profiles and phenolic quantity (phenolic acids and condensed tannins) differ among two seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii).
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date:
200506
Ending_Date:
200902
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Status:
Progress:
Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:
None Planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate:
-87.373747
East_Bounding_Coordinate:
-85.399066
North_Bounding_Coordinate:
30.314391
South_Bounding_Coordinate:
29.774583
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Theme_Keyword:
phenolics
Theme_Keyword:
seagrass
Theme_Keyword:
herbivory
Theme_Keyword:
chemical defense
Theme_Keyword:
grazing
Theme_Keyword:
pathogens
Theme_Keyword:
inducible defense
Theme_Keyword:
inducible resistance
Theme_Keyword:
Thalassia testudinum
Theme_Keyword:
turtle grass
Theme_Keyword:
Halodule wrightii
Theme_Keyword:
shoalgrass
Theme_Keyword:
condensed tannins
Theme_Keyword:
eutrophication
Theme_Keyword:
pink sea urchin
Theme_Keyword:
Lytechinus variegatus
Theme_Keyword:
mesograzers
Theme_Keyword:
ecology
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:
ISO Topic
Theme_Keyword:
biota
Theme_Keyword:
002
Theme_Keyword:
environment
Theme_Keyword:
007
Theme_Keyword:
oceans
Theme_Keyword:
014
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
None
Place_Keyword:
St. Joseph's Bay
Place_Keyword:
Port St. Joe
Place_Keyword:
Perdido Bay
Place_Keyword:
Pensacola
Place_Keyword:
St. Andrew's Bay
Place_Keyword:
Panama City
Place_Keyword:
Florida
Place_Keyword:
Gulf of Mexico
Access_Constraints:
Permission to access these data must be given by John Valentine or LaTina Steele.
Use_Constraints:
Acknowledgment of the DISL: Valentine Lab and University of South Alabama, Department of Marine Sciences would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of these data. Users should be aware that comparison with other data sets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in mapping conventions, data collection, and computer processes over time. The distributor shall not be liable for improper or incorrect use of these data, based on the description of appropriate/inappropriate uses described in the metadata document. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person:
Dr John Valentine or LaTina Steele
Contact_Organization:
DISL: Valentine Lab
Contact_Address:
Address_Type:
mailing and physical
Address:
101 Bienville Blvd.
City:
Dauphin Island
State_or_Province:
Al
Postal_Code:
36528
Country:
USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:
251-861-2141 ext.2294
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
jvalentine@disl.org
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
lsteele@disl.org
Hours_of_Service:
8-5:00 CST
Contact_Instructions:
Please email Dr. John Valentine or LaTina Steele for further information.
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Excel
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Data_Quality_Information:
Logical_Consistency_Report:
not applicable
Completeness_Report:
Data was gathered and processed in the lab from Summer 2006 until Spring 2008 with no major lapses in collection.
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Induction of Phenolics by Herbivory -- Field and laboratory experiments were undertaken to test the null hypothesis that grazing by the pink sea urchin, a limpet, or an amphipod had no effect on the production of phenolic acids and condensed tannins in turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) and shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii). These experiments specifically assess the inducible response phase of inducible defenses in Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii. Grazers were quantified in two ways. In order to quantify the number of urchins/m2, ten 0.25 m2 quadrats were thrown haphazardly into the turtlegrass bed in St. Joseph’s Bay, FL, and the number of urchins within each quadrat was enumerated. Mesograzers (amphipods and gastropods) were quantified by taking ten six inch cores extending approximately three inches into the sediment within the turtlegrass bed, sifting the core samples in a bucket, and counting the number of amphipods and gastropods in each core. These methods were also used to quantify the number of grazers in Perdido Bay, FL and St. Andrew’s Bay, FL. After quantifying the grazers present at the site to assure ecologically relevant experimental grazer densities and to quantify the mesograzers not excluded by experimental cages, a field experiment took place in St. Joseph’s Bay, FL (USA), where the dominant seagrass macrograzer is the pink sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. This field manipulation involved enclosing 0-5 urchins per cage within 16 bottomless PVC and mesh cages at varying but ecologically relevant densities and comparing phenolic acid profiles and quantities of the different phenolic acids, as well as condensed tannin quantity, of seagrass leaves from urchin treatments to seagrass leaves from non-urchin grazed controls. An artificially damaged treatment consisting of plants whose leaves had been clipped was also included as a positive control. The rhizomes were severed around the edges of each cage in order to overcome the problem of physiological integration that exists with all seagrasses. Seagrass samples (~15 shoots/cage) were collected after one week of grazing using hand trowels to remove individual shoots, including the rhizome. This allowed enough time for the plants to respond while preventing the complete decimation of the enclosed shoots. Tissues from several shoots within each treatment were pooled to assure sufficient tissue for chemical analysis, and first and second rank leaves (youngest and next youngest leaves) were analyzed independently. In order to determine whether any observed responses were localized or systemic, each seagrass leaf was divided into five tissue categories that were analyzed separately: the damaged (grazed) area, 2 cm above the grazed area, 2 cm below the grazed area, > 2 cm above the grazed area, and > 2 cm below the grazed area. Tissue analysis involved the quantification of phenolic acids and condensed tannins in each tissue category. Data was analyzed using a 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with factors of leaf rank, grazing treatment, and tissue category to determine if there were interactions among the factors, as well as if there were differences in phenolic acid and condensed tannin content among the different leaf ranks, grazing treatments, and tissue categories. A 2-factor ANOVA with factors of grazing treatment and tissue category and a post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test was used to determine which grazing treatments and tissue categories contained phenolic acid and condensed tannin concentrations that were different from one another. In addition, T. testudinum biomass and leaf growth were monitored using the methods described by Valentine and Heck (2001), rhizome carbohydrate content was quantified using a method adapted from Kochert (1978), and leaf C:N ratios were measured in order to evaluate the possibility that production of phenolics induced by herbivory is costly to the plants. Since the production of phenolics by seagrasses is known to vary seasonally, the field experiment described above was repeated in two seasons, summer and fall. The experiment was also repeated using Halodule wrightii as the seagrass instead of Thalassia testudinum in order to determine whether there were species-specific responses to grazing. The H. wrightii experiment was conducted using the same methods described above, except that approximately 30-40 H. wrightii shoots were collected from each treatment cage in order to ensure a sufficient amount of tissue for chemical analyses. It has been shown that only certain grazers induce the production of chemical deterrents in some macroalgae. It is unknown whether this may be the case for seagrasses, so I examined the response of two seagrass species to two mesograzers in addition to assessing their responses to a macrograzer. This was done in two different experiments, one assessing the responses of the two seagrasses to a gastropod and one assessing the responses of the two seagrasses to an amphipod. Because it was exceedingly difficult to manipulate mesograzer densities in the field, the experiments assessing whether these organisms induce phenol production in turtlegrass and shoalgrass took place in the laboratory. Approximately 250 Thalassia testudinum and 500 Halodule wrightii shoots were collected from St. Joseph’s Bay, FL (USA) and held in mesocosms at densities of 10-15 shoots/tank for T. testudinum and ~30 shoots/tank for H. wrightii replicating field conditions as closely as possible throughout the experiments. Mesograzers (gastropods or amphipods) were added to the mesocosms at ecologically relevant densities (determined by counting grazers) and allowed to graze for 24 hours. Limiting the grazing time prevented the complete decimation of the experimental shoots. The plants were then allowed to recover for four to five days, and seagrass tissue was harvested as described previously. Phenolic acid profiles, phenolic acid quantities, and condensed tannin quantity of seagrass leaves from grazed and ungrazed treatments were compared using a 3-factor and a 2-factor ANOVA along with a Tukey multiple comparison test to determine if these chemicals represent an inducible response to herbivory by mesograzers in T. testudinum and H. wrightii. These analyses were conducted separately for the two seagrass species in each experiment. A third ANOVA with factors of seagrass species, grazing treatment, and tissue category was used to assess whether there were differences in phenolic acid and condensed content differed between the two species. I also determined whether responses were localized or systemic as previously described. Shoot growth, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content was measured in order to assess whether phenol production induced by herbivory was costly to the plants. Costs of Phenol Production -- To test the null hypothesis that production of phenolic acids and condensed tannins is not costly to Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii, shoot biomass, leaf growth, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content were measured during induction experiments, and field sampling was undertaken. As discussed above, Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii shoot biomass, leaf growth rate, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content was monitored during the field experiments in St. Joseph’s Bay, and leaf growth, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content were measured in the laboratory induction experiments. Shoot biomass, leaf growth, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content in treatments with high phenols (number of compounds and/or phenolic acid and condensed tannin quantity) were compared to shoot biomass, leaf growth, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content in treatments with low phenols (number of compounds and/or phenolic acid and condensed tannin quantity) using a regression analysis to determine if there was a predictive relationship between each cost parameter (biomass, growth, C:N, carbohydrate) and phenolic acid and condensed tannin content. The slope of these regressions (positive or negative) determined if turtlegrass and shoalgrass incur a cost from producing phenolic compounds. While grazing itself may affect parameters such as shoot biomass and leaf growth, reports for T. testudinum indicate that grazing increases specific productivity in this species. Despite this, potential declines in biomass or growth correlated with high phenol levels would be at least partially explained by costs associated with phenol production. In addition to the experimental determination of costs associated with phenol production, field sampling at three sites also helped to address this issue. Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii leaves were collected from three sites in the Florida panhandle: St. Joseph’s Bay, St. Andrew’s Bay, and Perdido Bay. Approximately 50 T. testudinum and 200 H. wrightii shoots were collected from each site using shovels to remove small plugs from each seagrass bed. It was estimated that one to two plugs of each seagrass species was needed from each site in order to obtain a sufficient amount of seagrass for analysis. Seagrass tissue from these plugs was used to measure T. testudinum and H. wrightii biomass, leaf C:N ratio, and rhizome carbohydrate content at each site. In addition, leaf growth rate was measured by puncturing small holes in the base of approximately 30 shoots of each species at each site, collecting the shoots using hand trowels, and measuring the distance between the holes and the base of the shoot. The leaves collected from each site were also analyzed for their phenolic acid and condensed tannin contents, and a regression analysis was used to determine if there was a predictive relationship between each cost parameter and phenolic acid and condensed tannin concentrations. Due to differences in grazer assemblages and environmental factors at the three sites, seagrass populations at each site probably contained different phenolic levels. Because nutrient inputs at these sites also differ, phenolic content of turtlegrass and shoalgrass at these sites was used both to address costs of phenol production and the effects of nutrients on phenol production in T. testudinum and H. wrightii. Effects of Nutrient Enrichment on Phenol Production -- To test the null hypothesis that water column and pore water nutrients have no effect on production of phenolic acids and condensed tannins in turtlegrass and shoalgrass, a manipulative field experiment and field sampling at sites with different nutrient characteristics was undertaken. Two nutrient enrichment experiments were conducted in St. Joseph’s Bay, FL (USA), one in a turtlegrass meadow and one in a shoalgrass meadow, with enrichment of pore waters being accomplished by treating the sediment with a slow release fertilizer such as those used by McGlathery (1995) and Valentine and Heck (2001). Rhizomes were severed along the edges of both nutrient enriched and control plots in order to ensure that nutrients were not transported out of the experimental areas into control plots through the rhizome system, while at the same time controlling for any effects of severing the rhizomes. T. testudinum and H. wrightii shoots from control and nutrient enriched plots were collected after two weeks and then again after four weeks of nutrient enrichment. They were then analyzed for phenolic acid and condensed tannin content, and the phenolic acid and condensed tannin contents of plants from nutrient enriched and control plots were compared using a student’s t-test. As mentioned previously, phenolic content data from turtlegrass collected from St. Joseph’s Bay, St. Andrew’s Bay, and Perdido Bay was also used to correlate nutrient environment with phenolic acid and condensed tannin levels in Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii. The same samples, collected as described above, were used for both types of analysis. Perdido Bay experiences greater freshwater input than either of the other two sites; therefore, it probably contains higher nutrient levels than the other two sites. Also, turbidity in Perdido Bay tends to be higher than in either St. Andrew’s Bay, or St. Joseph’s Bay, which is a fairly oligotrophic site (personal observation). Water column nutrients were measured at each site by collecting three 50 ml water samples per site, and each site was categorized based on its nutrient content as either oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic. Data was analyzed using an ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test to determine if there were differences in phenolic acid and condensed tannin content of turtlegrass or shoalgrass under different nutrient regimes. Grazer Response to Different Phenolic Levels -- Two laboratory experiments were conducted to test the null hypothesis that seagrass phenolic content had no effect on mesograzer feeding preference, provided that differences in phenolic content among collection sites were found. This was the first test of the potential for seagrass phenolics to act as chemical deterrents to herbivory, thereby providing evidence that studies of induced resistance in seagrasses should or should not be pursued in the future. The first experiment was a no-choice experiment in which an ecologically relevant number of gastropods or amphipods was added to tanks containing Thalassia testudinum shoots from one of three sites in the Florida panhandle (St. Joseph’s Bay, St. Andrew’s Bay, and Perdido Bay), whose average phenolic acid and condensed tannin content had been previously quantified and designated as either high, medium, or low. Approximately 100 shoots of each species of seagrass were collected from each site using a shovel to remove plugs of sediment within the grassbeds. The leaf area consumed by each grazer (gastropod or amphipod) after 24 hours was quantified using Sigma Scan, and data was analyzed using a 2-factor ANOVA with factors of grazer and phenolic content and a Tukey multiple comparison test. A second laboratory experiment also assessed the effect of turtlegrass phenolic content on grazer preference. This was a choice experiment in which several shoots from two sites, one with leaves of high phenolic content and one with leaves of low phenolic content, were placed in mesocosms, and a predetermined number of gastropods or amphipods was added (based on grazer counts). Approximately 100 turtlegrass shoots were collected as described above from two of the following three sites, depending on the results of chemical analyses: Perdido Bay, St. Andrew’s Bay, and St. Joseph’s Bay. The number of mesograzers on each shoot was counted after 24 hours, and data was analyzed using a chi-square test. Environmental Conditions Monitored -- Light level, water temperature, and salinity were monitored at all four collection sites (St. Joseph’s Bay, St. Andrew’s Bay, Perdido Bay, and the Florida Keys). Water samples for nutrient determination were collected from each site, which were analyzed in the instrumentation lab at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL (USA). Environmental parameters from the St. Joseph’s Bay site were replicated in the laboratory, since this was the site from which seagrass shoots for the laboratory induction experiments were collected. Chemical Analyses -- Phenolic acid analysis took place in two phases. In the first phase, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) was employed to identify the individual phenolic acids present in a few representative samples from each sampling site or experiment. Next, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the amount of each acid present in all samples using a method adapted from that of Ravn et al. (1994). A colorimetric assay described by Arnold and Schultz (2002) was used to quantify condensed tannins in all seagrass samples. Seagrass leaf C:N ratio was analyzed using a CNS autoanalyzer at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL (USA). Rhizome carbohydrate content was analyzed using a variation of the phenol-sulfuric acid method (Kochert, 1978).
Process_Date:
2008
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person:
Dr John Valentine or LaTina Steele
Contact_Organization:
DISL: Valentine Lab
Contact_Address:
Address_Type:
mailing and physical
Address:
101 Bienville Blvd.
City:
Dauphin Island
State_or_Province:
Al
Postal_Code:
36528
Country:
USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:
251-861-2141 ext.2294
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
jvalentine@disl.org
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
lsteele@disl.org
Hours_of_Service:
8-5:00 CST
Contact_Instructions:
Please email Dr. John Valentine or LaTina Steele for further information.
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Excel tables cataloging data in the following categories: Field preference experiments, Halodule field experiments with urchins, Halodule lab experiments with mesograzers, Thalassia field experiments with urchins, Thalassia lab experiments with mesograzers, Zostera lab experiments with limpets, Pilot study, and Site comparisons.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Field preference experiments" contains the following data tables: Halodule/Amphipod St.Joseph's Bay vs. Perdido Key; Halodule/Urchin St.Joseph's Bay vs. Perdido Key; Peak area Halodule in agar; Peak area Thalassia in agar; Perdido Key Amphipod Thalassia vs. Halodule; Perdido Key Urchin Thalassia vs. Halodule; St. Joseph's Bay/Amphipod Thalassia vs. Halodule; St. Joseph's Bay/Urchin Thalassia vs. Halodule; Thalassia/Amphipod St. Joseph's Bay vs. Perdido Key; Thalassia/Urchin St. Joseph's Bay vs. Perdido Key.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Halodule field experiments with urchins" contains the following data tables (for both fall and summer): 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction Expt; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction Expt; CT Data Halodule Field Induction; Ferulic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction; Gallic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction Expt; p-coumaric Acid Data Halodule Field Induction; p-hydroxybenzoic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction Expt; Syringic Acid Data Halodule Field Induction Expt.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Halodule lab experiments with mesograzers" contains the following data tables: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; CT Data; Ferulic Acid Data; Gallic Acid Data; p-coumaric Acid Data; p-hydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Syringic Acid Data.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Thalassia field experiments with urchins" contains the following data tables (for both fall and summer): 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; CT Data; Phenolic Acid Data; Gallic acid; p-coumaric acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; Vanillic acid.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Thalassia lab experiments with mesograzers" contains the following data tables: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Condensed Tannin Data; Ferulic Acid Data; Gallic Acid Data; p-coumaric Acid Data; p-hydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Thalassia Lab Induciton Growth Expt; Vanillic Acid Data.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Zostera lab experiments with limpets" contains the following data tables: Zostera Condensed Tannin Data; Phenolic Acid Data.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Pilot study" data contains the following tables: Cage Experiment CT Data; Cage Experiment FD Data; CT D v U graphs; CT and FD cage R1 graphs; FD D v U graphs.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
"Site comparison" data contains the following tables: Halodule 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Halodule 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Halodule Ferulic Acid Data; Halodule Gallic Acid Data; Halodule p-coumaric Acid Data; Halodule p-hydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Halodule Syringic Acid Data; Thalassia 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Thalassia Ferulic Acid Data; Thalassia Gallic Acid Data; Thalassia p-coumaric Acid Data; Thalassia p-hydroxybenzoic Acid Data; Thalassia Vanillic Acid Data; CN ratio data; Condensed Tannin Data.
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person:
Dr John Valentine or LaTina Steele
Contact_Organization:
DISL: Valentine Lab
Contact_Address:
Address_Type:
mailing and physical
Address:
101 Bienville Blvd.
City:
Dauphin Island
State_or_Province:
Al
Postal_Code:
36528
Country:
USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:
251-861-2141 ext. 2294
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
jvalentine@disl.org
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
lsteele@disl.org
Hours_of_Service:
8-5:00 CST
Contact_Instructions:
Please email Dr. John Valentine or LaTina Steele for further information.
Distribution_Liability:
The Dauphin Island Sea Lab's Valentine Lab makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. The DISL: Valentine Lab cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Technical_Prerequisites:
These data were created in Microsoft Excel. A program capable of reading these files is necessary.
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date:
201101
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization:
Dauphin Island Sea Lab
Contact_Person:
Data Management Specialist
Contact_Position:
Data Management Specialist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type:
mailing and physical
Address:
101 Bienville Blvd.
City:
Dauphin Island
State_or_Province:
Al
Postal_Code:
36528
Country:
USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:
251-861-2141
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
metadata@disl.org
Hours_of_Service:
8-5:00 CST
Contact_Instructions:
Please email the metadata specialist for further information.
Metadata_Standard_Name:
FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version:
FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Access_Constraints:
none
Metadata_Use_Constraints:
none
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