How do piscivorous fish assemblage, species richness, and density impact indirectly invertebrate prey consumption by invertivores in coral reef environment?

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Dauphin Island Sea Lab: Valentine Lab

Publication_Date:

Unpublished material

Title:

How do piscivorous fish assemblage, species richness, and density impact indirectly invertebrate prey consumption by invertivores in coral reef environment?

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form:

database

Description:

Abstract:

While numerous studies have noted the potential for cascading impacts resulting from piscivorous fish depletion from coral reef food webs (Jackson 2001, Jackson et al. 2001, Bascompte et al. 2005), few have been able to detect the hypothesized cascading impacts of piscivore depletion (Jennings and Polunin 1997). I hypothesize that this lack of evidence can be the cumulative result of the emergent properties of diverse predator and prey assemblages in these habitats, which has been shown to weaken trophic cascades in some occasions (Finke and Denno 2004, Duffy et al. 2005) or that inappropriate scale (Levin 1992) or metrics used in previous studies may have biased the results. Combining traditional community ecology metrics and experimental measurements of foraging efficiency, I evaluate the direct impacts piscivore richness and density on the composition and relative abundances on midlevel consumers and indirectly on the survival of their potential invertebrate prey. This approach conducted on a previously untested fore-back reef scale, as well as combining traditional community measures to a process, may be more suitable for studying top-down impacts in diverse communities with numerous trophic linkages, such as coral reefs.

Purpose:

The purpose is to test the indirect impact of piscivore assemblage on the survival of the tethered prey in the coral reef environment.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date:

20080826

Ending_Date:

20091007

Currentness_Reference:

ground condition

Status:

Progress:

In work

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:

As needed

Spatial_Domain:

Description_of_Geographic_Extent:

The study area is in the northern Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, and specifically consists of two fringing reefs, Dry Rocks and Grecian Rocks.

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate:

80.34277

East_Bounding_Coordinate:

80.29694

North_Bounding_Coordinate:

25.12444

South_Bounding_Coordinate:

25.10666

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:

None

Theme_Keyword:

piscivorous fish assemblage

Theme_Keyword:

species richness

Theme_Keyword:

density

Theme_Keyword:

invertebrate

Theme_Keyword:

prey consumption

Theme_Keyword:

invertivore

Theme_Keyword:

coral reef

Theme_Keyword:

predation

Theme_Keyword:

ecosystem structure

Theme_Keyword:

trophic cascade

Theme_Keyword:

tethered invertebrates

Theme_Keyword:

tethering

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:

ISO Topic

Theme_Keyword:

biota

Theme_Keyword:

0012

Theme_Keyword:

environment

Theme_Keyword:

007

Theme_Keyword:

oceans

Theme_Keyword:

014

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

None

Place_Keyword:

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

Place_Keyword:

FKNMS

Place_Keyword:

Florida

Place_Keyword:

Key Largo

Place_Keyword:

Dry Rocks Reef

Place_Keyword:

Grecian Rocks Reef

Place_Keyword:

White Banks

Place_Keyword:

Little Grecian Reef

Taxonomy:

Keywords/Taxon:

Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus:

None

Taxonomic_Keywords:

marine vertebrates

Taxonomic_Keywords:

marine invertebrates

Taxonomic_Keywords:

corals

General_Taxonomic_Coverage:

Organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit.

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name:

Species

Taxon_Rank_Value:

Hemiramphus brasiliensis, Chaetodon striatus, Sphoeroides spengleri, Carangoides ruber, Sphyraena barracuda, Stegastes leucostictus/Stegastes variabilis, Stegastes partitus, Mycteroperca bonaci, Anisotremus surinamensis, Halichoeres poeyi, Chromis cyanea, Scarus coeruleus, Acanthurus coeruleus, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Cryptotomus roseus, Haemulon sciurus, Chromis multilineata, Sparisoma radians, Hypoplectrus unicolor, Scomberomorus regalis, Kyphosus sectator/incisor, Halichoeres maculipinna, Fistularia tabacaria, Pareques umbrosus, Lutjanus cyanopterus, Acanthurus chirurgus, Chaetodon capistratus, Pomacanthus paru, Haemulon flavolineatum, Pomacanthus arcuatus, Lutjanus griseus, Cephalopholis cruentata, Rypticus saponaceus, Gymnothorax funebris, Haemulon sp., Serranus tigrinus, Lachnolaimus maximus, Caranx latus, Tylosurus crocodilus, Scarus coelestinus, Lutjanus analis, Elacatinus oceanops, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Acanthurus bahianus, Canthidermis sufflamen, Scarus sp., Anisotremus virginicus, Scarus taeniopterus, Halichoeres radiatus, Holacanthus ciliaris, Scarus vetula, Scarus guacamaia, Halichoeres pictus, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Sparisoma rubripinne, Sparisoma chrysopterum, Holacanthus tricolor, Xyrichtys martinicensis, Calamus calamus, Lutjanus apodus, Acanthostracion quadricornis, Aluterus scriptus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Echeneis naucrates, Monacanthus tuckeri, Halichoeres bivittatus, Haemulon chrysargyreum, Lactophrys triqueter, Dasyatis americana, Haemulon macrostomum, Bodianus rufus, Chaetodon ocellatus, Aetobatus narinari, Pseudupeneus maculatus, Scorpaena plumieri, Sparisoma viride, Scarus iseri, Dascyllus trimaculatus, Balistes sp., Aulostomus maculatus, Acanthocybium solandri, Haemulon plumierii, Rypticus maculatus, Halichoeres sp., Mulloidichthys martinicus, Halichoeres cyanocephalus, Gerres cinereus, Halichoeres garnoti, Microspathodon chrysurus, Sparisoma rubripinne, Ocyurus chrysurus

Applicable_Common_Name:

Ballyhoo

Applicable_Common_Name:

Banded Butterflyfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bandtail Puffer

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bar Jack

Applicable_Common_Name:

Barracuda

Applicable_Common_Name:

Beaugregory/Cocoa Damselfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bicolor Damselfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Black Grouper

Applicable_Common_Name:

Black Margate

Applicable_Common_Name:

Black-ear Wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Blue Chromis

Applicable_Common_Name:

Blue Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Blue Tang

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bluehead Wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bluelip Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bluestriped Grunt

Applicable_Common_Name:

Brown chromis

Applicable_Common_Name:

Bucktooth Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Butter Hamlet

Applicable_Common_Name:

Cero

Applicable_Common_Name:

Chub

Applicable_Common_Name:

Clown Wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Cornet fish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Cubbyu

Applicable_Common_Name:

Cubera Snapper

Applicable_Common_Name:

Doctorfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Fish sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Foureye butterflyfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

French Angelfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

French Grunt

Applicable_Common_Name:

Goby sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Gray Angelfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Gray Snapper

Applicable_Common_Name:

Graysby

Applicable_Common_Name:

Greater Soapfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Green Moray

Applicable_Common_Name:

Grunt sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Harlequin Bass

Applicable_Common_Name:

Hogfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Horse-eye Jack

Applicable_Common_Name:

Houndfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Midnight Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Mutton Snapper

Applicable_Common_Name:

Neon Goby

Applicable_Common_Name:

Nurse Shark

Applicable_Common_Name:

Ocean Surgeonfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Ocean Triggerfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Parrot sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Porkfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Princess Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Puddingwife

Applicable_Common_Name:

Queen Angelfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Queen Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Rainbow Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Rainbow Wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Redband Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Redfin Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Redtail Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Rock Beauty

Applicable_Common_Name:

Rosy Razorfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Saucereye porgy

Applicable_Common_Name:

Schoolmaster

Applicable_Common_Name:

Scrawled cowfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Scrawled Filefish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Sgt. Major

Applicable_Common_Name:

Sharksucker

Applicable_Common_Name:

Slender filefish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Slippery Dick

Applicable_Common_Name:

Smallmouth Grunt

Applicable_Common_Name:

Smooth Trunkfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Southern Stingray

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spanish Grunt

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spanish Hogfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spotfin Butterfly

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spotted Eagle ray

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spotted Goatfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Spotted Scorpionfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Stoplight Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Striped Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Threespot Damselfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Triggerfish sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Trumpetfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Trunkfish sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Wahoo

Applicable_Common_Name:

White Grunt

Applicable_Common_Name:

Whitespotted Soapfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Wrasse sp.

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellow goatfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowcheek wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowfin Mojarra

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowhead wrasse

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowtail Damselfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowtail Parrotfish

Applicable_Common_Name:

Yellowtail Snapper

Access_Constraints:

Permission to access these data must be given by Dr. John Valentine or Riikka Puntila of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab.

Use_Constraints:

Acknowledgment of the DISL: Valentine Lab, The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Undersea Research Center (NURC) would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of these data. Users should be aware that comparison with other data sets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in mapping conventions, data collection, and computer processes over time. The distributor shall not be liable for improper or incorrect use of these data, based on the description of appropriate/inappropriate uses described in the metadata document. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person:

Dr John Valentine or Riikka Puntila

Contact_Organization:

DISL: Valentine Lab

Contact_Position:

Principal Investigator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type:

mailing and physical

Address:

101 Bienville Blvd.

City:

Dauphin Island

State_or_Province:

Al

Postal_Code:

36528

Country:

USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone:

251-861-2141 ext. 2261 or 2294

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

jvalentine@disl.org

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

rpuntila@disl.org

Hours_of_Service:

8-5:00 CST

Contact_Instructions:

Please email Dr. John Valentine or Riikka Puntila for further information.

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

Microsoft Access

Data_Quality_Information:

Logical_Consistency_Report:

not applicable

Completeness_Report:

Data collection began on 20080826 and will continue until 20090906

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

In a pilot study, conducted in August – October 2008, the relative abundances and species compositions of fishes at Grecian Rocks and Dry Rocks were determined using a underwater visual census method (derived from Bohnsack and Bannerot 1986). Visual censuses are one of the few methods available to scientists working in the marine protected areas to document fish composition and density because of their non-destructive nature. In this method, a SCUBA diver kneels on a haphazardly selected, fixed point and counts all fish in the water column inside an imaginary cylinder (radius 5 m) surrounding the diver for 15 minutes. Fish counts and sizes were recorded on waterproof paper. All observed fish were placed in size and maturity classes: smaller than 15 centimetres and larger than 15 centimetres and “juvenile to initial phase” and “adult phase”. The size, fork length, was estimated with the 15 cm long scale-bar. The maturity phases were easily distinguishable based on the colour patterns of most of species. Point counts were replicated on three consecutive days, and census points were tagged with vinyl flags to assure that replicate censuses were conducted at the precisely same location. The vinyl flag also marked a fixed point for the placement of tethered prey. Later, fish were classified according to their known diet (i.e. “invertivores” or “piscivores”). “Invertivores” are fish that are known to predominantly (>50% of the diet) feed on benthic invertebrates and are known to feed on crabs and urchins. “Piscivores” are fish predominantly feeding on other fish (>50% of the diet). Description of the dietary preferences and trophic levels of recorded fishes were obtained from FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2008), referring mainly to (Randall 1967). In the pilot study, the density and species richness of the piscivores were found to vary between reef sides (Fig. 2, 3 and 4). These results show that, in fact, it may be possible to conduct experiments and evaluations in high and low piscivore diversity sites assessing the importance of piscivore density, richness and on lower trophic levels. To determine if piscivore richness or density indirectly impacts the flow of energy among lower trophic levels, I used a series of replicated invertebrate tethering experiments (Heck and Wilson 1987, Beck 1997). Each tether contained crabs (Mithrax sculptus) and urchins (Echinometra lucunter), which both are present in the coral reefs in the Florida Keys (Humann 1992). The tethered animals were collected from Rodriguez Key, where these animals are abundant. Collected animals were placed in coolers filled with seawater, then transferred to the laboratory, where the actual tethering took place. Crabs, two individuals in each tether, were tied to stakes using 6 lb. tested monofilament line. The other end was looped tightly around the carapace and a knot was secured to the crab and cemented in place using cyanoacrylate cement (Superglue). Urchins, two individuals in each tether, were tethered to the stakes using 6 lb. tested monofilament, which was threaded dorso-ventrally through the urchin test using a needle and securing the tether with a knot. The length of monofilament line was approximately 25 cm. Animals were tethered at least 12 hours prior to the start of each experiment to minimize the impacts of experiment-related mortality on the experiment. Tethers were placed next to the vinyl flag in the center of the census point. After 24 hours tethers were replaced for three consecutive days. Attacks by predators on tethered prey were observed after placing the tethers and the final survival of tethered prey was recorded on the next day. The survival of tethers was recorded using absolute numbers as well as a percentage scale: 0% consumed, 50% consumed and 100 % consumed. Tethering was conducted on three consecutive days immediately after completing the fish censuses. The results from tethering experiments indicate that an indirect relationship between piscivore richness and density, and predation on tethers exists. Where the piscivores were abundant, survival of tethered prey was the highest. Also where the invertivores were abundant, survival of tethered prey was the lowest. This provides some evidence of trophic cascades in a diverse ecosystem and refers to the potential ecosystem-wide indirect impact of top predators in these reefs. The following hypotheses were tested using survival of the tethers in replicated tethering experiments: H01: Neither piscivore richness nor density has an indirect impact on survival of tethered prey. Ha1: When piscivore species richness is high, invertivore species richness is high, but density low and survival of tethered prey is high. Hb1: When piscivore species richness is high, invertivore species richness is low and density low, and survival of tethered prey is high. Hc1: When piscivore species richness is low invertivore species richness is low, density high and survival of tethered prey is low. H02: Neither piscivore richness nor density has any impact on the invertivore fish assemblage. Ha2: Piscivore richness or density has an impact on the invertivore fish assemblage H03: Neither invertivore species richness nor density has any impact on survival of tethered prey. Ha3: Invertivore richness or density has an impact on survival of tethered prey. If the impact of piscivores travels through trophic levels, change in piscivore richness or density may have ecosystem-wide impacts via trophic cascades. To evaluate the extent to which variation in piscivore density and species composition impacts consumer impacts at lower trophic levels, I plan used a combination of underwater visual censuses and tethering experiments. The experiments and censuses will be conducted on the two reefs, in back and fore reef sites, described in the pilot study with addition of a timed search census in the area where the stationary censuses are conducted. This is carried on by actively searching a 10 m wide transect running through the mid points of the censuses for 5 minutes. By conducting a search based census, the cryptic, stationary and hiding individuals are more likely to be observed and counted. According to the preliminary results from the surveys, the fore reefs at both sites have on average more piscivore species and individuals than the back reefs. Furthermore, on average Grecian Rocks reef had more piscivore species and individuals than did the Dry Rocks reef. The tethering experiment was conducted as described in the preliminary study with the addition of timers and under water video recordings. Due to logistic constraints, the duration of the experiment was set to approximately 24 hours. This may be too long for detecting the true differences in predation rates between back and fore reef sites. To assess this problem, as well as to time the exact occurrence of predation, underwater timers attached to the tethers were used. Occurrence of predation triggers and starts these timers. By counting backwards from the time of tether retrieval, the exact time of predation can be determined. The predation pressure on the tethered prey is therefore be the survival time of the tethers instead of the final survival. Video recordings were added to identify the species that are consuming the tethers. Video camera in an underwater housing was placed in one of the three census points at each location aimed to the tethers and let record for 30 minutes. This was replicated each time when tethers were replaced. Experiments as well as censuses were repeated over three consecutive days. The first set of experiments and censuses was conducted in fall 2008 (pilot study) and the experiments and censuses were repeated in spring/summer 2009 and fall 2009 to assess possible temporal both year to ear and seasonal variation in piscivore and invertivore communities as well as variation in predation pressure on tethers. By repeating the experiments and censuses annually and seasonally, the variability of the processes in this ecosystem can be assessed. Even though sites for the experiments are chosen carefully to have as similar underlying substrate as possible, there may be some differences impacting the results. To assess such potential variation in underlying substrate, photographs were taken in five directions around the tethers using a 0.25 m2 quadrat for scale. Tethered invertebrates were not able to move outside this quadrate due to the length of the tether. Using SigmaScan software, potential shelter for tethered invertebrates in the substrate is measured and used as a covariate in the final analyses. One of the paradigms in the studies on richness impacts is the uneven contribution of the species, so called species identity impact (for example Bruno and O'Connor 2005, Stachowicz et al. 2007). By considering the presence or absence of certain species, their individual contributions dominating the strength of trophic cascades can be determined. This can be tested comparing individual piscivore species relative abundances in the study sites and comparing this to the survival of tethers. The following hypotheses were tested: H04: Presence or absence of certain invertivore species does not impact survival of tethered prey. Ha4: Presence or absence of certain invertivore species has an impact on survival of tethered prey H05: Presence or absence of certain piscivore species does not have impact on invertivore species richness or density. Ha5: Presence or absence of certain piscivore species has an impact on the invertivore species richness or density. To assess possible interaction between piscivores on indirect predation impacts, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted. As previously stated, studies about the impact of predator richness has shown highly variable results and also seem to be context-dependent. By conducting these experiments I hope to explain which mechanism, direct predation or non-lethal predation, is more prominent in the coral reef ecosystem explaining the patterns detected in the field experiment. Using a factorial design I tested the impact of increasing piscivore richness (1 and 3 species), and increasing invertivore richness (1 and 3 species) on invertebrate prey (urchins, Echinometra lucunter and crabs, Mithrax sculptus) survival. The experiments were conducted in 492 l mesocosms in the wet lab where piscivores either have access to the invertivores or their access is prevented by using a perforated transparent divider. By controlling the piscivore access to the invertivores, the mechanism either direct predation or indirect behavioural response to the presence of the predator impacting the relative invertivore abundance is tested. All experiments were video-recorded using two digital video cameras. This allows detailed observation of the fish’s behavioural responses. By conducting these experiments the following hypotheses were be tested. H01: Increase in piscivore species richness does not have an impact on invertivore survival and therefore not on the survival on invertebrate prey survival when piscivores have access to the invertivores. Ha1: Increase in piscivore species richness has an impact on invertivore survival and therefore on the survival of the invertebrate prey when piscivores have access to the invertivores. If the piscivores directly consumed invertivores, the impact of piscivore community on invertivores is density-dependent and they are feeding on the invertivores. If that is not true, then the following hypotheses are tested: H02: Increase in piscivore species richness does not have an impact on invertivore survival and therefore not on the survival of the invertebrate prey when piscivores do not have access to the invertivores. Ha2: Increase in piscivore species richness has an impact on invertivore survival and therefore on the survival of the invertebrate prey when piscivores do not have access to the invertivores. If increase in piscivore richness has an impact on the invertivores even when direct access is prevented using a transparent perforated wall in the mesocosm, the impact of piscivore community is indirect and behaviourally mediated and the invertivores are either hiding or avoiding areas where piscivores are abundant and diverse. Piscivores (>50 % of their diet consists of nekton) to be used in this experiment are 25 cm in tale length and consist of Black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), Schoolmaster (Lutjanus apodus) and Cubera snapper (Lutjanus cyanopterus). Invertivores 10 to 15 cm in tail length consist of three species, Slippery Dick (Halichoeres bivittatus), Smallmouth grunt (Haemulon chrysargyreum) and Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus). The invertebrate prey consists of crabs (Mithrax sculptus) and urchins (Echinometra lucunter). All species used in this experiment are known to inhabit the reefs of Florida Keys (Bohnsack et al. 1999). The compositions of fish assemblages among sites is compared using Primer software. The fish count data will be dispersal weight-transformed to remove the impact of schooling fish on these comparisons. Differences in piscivorous and invertivorous fish assemblages between sites was also analyzed by using ANOSIM performed on Bray-Curtis similarity matrices. The species contributing the most to the differences between sites was analysed using SIMPER analysis. The differences in piscivore and invertivore species richness and density between fore and back reefs was analysed using General linear model (GLM) analyses. The causal impact of piscivores to invertivores, invertivores to invertebrates and indirect impact of piscivores to invertebrates was analysed using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis using tether consumption as dependent variable and piscivore richness, piscivore density, invertivore richness, invertivore density and their interactions as independent variables. The variables are likely to autocorrelate with each other (multicollinearity) and therefore PCA analysis on the original variables was conducted. These principal component scores can be used in the regression analysis instead of original variables. In the field study, the availability of shelter, in case there are significant differences, will be added to the regression model as one of the predictor variables. Since piscivore richness and density in the field are highly variable, data transformations are needed. Since abundance data tend to have zero observations, log(n+1) transformation may be suitable. Results from tethering experiments are recorded using percentage scale since it is independent from possible variation in the numbers of tethered invertebrates. Therefore arcsin transformation will be used to normalize the distribution and variance of observations. All results are considered significant when p < 0.05. The results of laboratory experiment are analysed with general linear model (GLM) procedure. This approach allows comparing impacts of piscivore richness to invertivore survival and behavioural response, invertivore richness on the survival of the prey and the indirect impact of piscivores to the survival of the prey in structurally different habitats as well as their possible interactions. Results from the experiments of single species performance are used as expected response values and the performance of multispecies assemblages are compared to these values by conducting a 2 test. If such difference is detected, the performances of diverse assemblages are different than single species assemblages indicating that species richness has emergent effects on the survival or behaviour of invertivores and indirectly on survival of the invertebrates.

Process_Date:

Not complete

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person:

Dr John Valentine or Riikka Puntila

Contact_Organization:

DISL: Valentine Lab

Contact_Position:

Principal Investigator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type:

mailing and physical

Address:

101 Bienville Blvd.

City:

Dauphin Island

State_or_Province:

Al

Postal_Code:

36528

Country:

USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone:

251-861-2141 ext. 2261 or 2294

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

jvalentine@disl.org

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

rpuntila@disl.org

Hours_of_Service:

8-5:00 CST

Contact_Instructions:

Please email Dr. John Valentine or Riikka Puntila for further information.

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

Access tables include data concerning invertivore prey consumption on reefs in South Florida from 20080826 to 20091006.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

Tables include the following fields: Sample ID, Reef Point, Repetition, Date, Time, Depth (m), Latitude, Longitude, Fish Species, Common Name, Size, Maturity, Count, Diet, Guild, Crabs/Urchins, Tether Predator, Piscivore, Trophic Level

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person:

Dr John Valentine or Riikka Puntila

Contact_Organization:

DISL: Valentine Lab

Contact_Position:

Principal Investigator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type:

mailing and physical

Address:

101 Bienville Blvd.

City:

Dauphin Island

State_or_Province:

Al

Postal_Code:

36528

Country:

USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone:

251-861-2141 ext. 2261 or 2294

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

jvalentine@disl.org

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

rpuntila@disl.org

Hours_of_Service:

8-5:00 CST

Contact_Instructions:

Please email Dr. John Valentine or Riikka Puntila for further information.

Resource_Description:

Florida Keys invertivore prey consumption data

Distribution_Liability:

The Dauphin Island Sea Lab's Valentine Lab makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. The DISL: Valentine Lab cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.

Technical_Prerequisites:

Customer must have software capable of reading Microsoft Access files.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date:

20090929

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

Dauphin Island Sea Lab

Contact_Person:

Data Management Specialist

Contact_Position:

Data Management Specialist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type:

mailing and physical

Address:

101 Bienville Blvd.

City:

Dauphin Island

State_or_Province:

Al

Postal_Code:

36528

Country:

USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone:

251-861-2141

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:

metadata@disl.org

Hours_of_Service:

8-5:00 CST

Contact_Instructions:

Please email the metadata specialist for further information.

Metadata_Standard_Name:

FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version:

FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Access_Constraints:

none

Metadata_Use_Constraints:

none