Assimilation of Oil-Derived Elements by Oysters Due to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010
Metadata:
- Identification_Information:
- Citation:
- Citation_Information:
- Originator:
- Ruth H. Carmichael, Amanda L. Jones, Heather K. Patterson, William C. Walton, Alberto Perez-Huerta, Edward B. Overton, Meghan Dailey, and Kristine L. Willett
- Publication_Date:
- 2012
- Title:
- Assimilation of Oil-Derived Elements by Oysters Due to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010
- Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form:
- spreadsheet
- Series_Information:
- Series_Name:
- Environmental Science and Technology
- Issue_Identification:
- 46 (23): p. 12787-12795
- Online_Linkage:
- http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es302369h
- Description:
- Abstract:
- This dataset contains stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in oyster shell, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Shell material was sampled from oysters grown at five sites along the Mississippi-Alabama coast and in Mobile Bay before, during, and after the spill (June 2008, April-July 2010). Samples of SPM were collected from the same or equivalent sites and timeframes. Oil samples came from tar balls, mats, and semisolid oil forms collected from sediments along the shoreline from the Florida-Alabama border to Petit Bois Island in Mississippi. For all samples, the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were determined. Oyster shell samples were also analyzed for six trace and minor elements which have been highlighted for use in detection of hydrocarbon pollution (Cd, Co, Mo, Ni, Pd, V).
- Purpose:
- To understand the influence of oil-derived carbon and nitrogen in the diet of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), we compared the stable isotope composition in the shells of oysters grown before, during, and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWHOS) to the composition of naturally occurring SPM available as food for oyster, and with weathered and fresh oil. Stable isotope ratios are commonly used to define diets and associated food web linkages. By making these comparisons, we determined that although oil-derived elements were present in surface and bottom waters where oysters were growing during and after the DWHOS, they did not appear to significantly influence the C and N stable isotope composition in oysters.
- Supplemental_Information:
- Also available upon request: stable isotope ratio data from oyster soft-tissue samples, stable isotope ratio data from MC252 reference oil (for comparison to locally-collected weathered oil samples), and data for 20 other trace and minor elements in oyster shell.
- Time_Period_of_Content:
- Time_Period_Information:
- Multiple_Dates/Times:
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20080630
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100430
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100514
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100630
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100701
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100720
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100721
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100803
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20100804
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20101006
- Single_Date/Time:
- Calendar_Date:
- 20101007
- Currentness_Reference:
- observed
- Status:
- Progress:
- Complete
- Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:
- As needed
- Spatial_Domain:
- Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
- Oyster shells were collected from locations along an east-west trajectory on the Mississippi-Alabama coast: Grand Bay, MS; Sand Reef (near Dauphin Island), AL; Fort Morgan, AL; and Orange Beach, AL. They were also collected for a north-south trajectory within Mobile Bay, AL: at Denton Reef (north) and Sand Reef (south).
- Bounding_Coordinates:
- West_Bounding_Coordinate:
- -88.46327
- East_Bounding_Coordinate:
- -87.51488
- North_Bounding_Coordinate:
- 30.40594
- South_Bounding_Coordinate:
- 30.23994
- Keywords:
- Theme:
- Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- ISO 19115 Topic Category
- Theme_Keyword:
- biota
- Theme_Keyword:
- environment
- Theme_Keyword:
- inlandWaters
- Theme_Keyword:
- oceans
- Theme:
- Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Theme_Keyword:
- Eastern oyster
- Theme_Keyword:
- Crassostrea virginica
- Theme_Keyword:
- Deepwater Horizon
- Theme_Keyword:
- DWH
- Theme_Keyword:
- oil spill
- Theme_Keyword:
- oyster diet
- Theme_Keyword:
- suspended particulate matter
- Theme_Keyword:
- carbon
- Theme_Keyword:
- nitrogen
- Theme_Keyword:
- stable isotope analysis
- Theme_Keyword:
- food web structure
- Theme_Keyword:
- oyster transplant experiment
- Theme_Keyword:
- trace element
- Theme_Keyword:
- oyster shell
- Place:
- Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Place_Keyword:
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab
- Place_Keyword:
- DISL
- Place_Keyword:
- Mobile Bay
- Place_Keyword:
- Denton Reef
- Place_Keyword:
- Sand Reef
- Place_Keyword:
- Fort Morgan
- Place_Keyword:
- Orange Beach
- Place_Keyword:
- Alabama
- Place_Keyword:
- Grand Bay
- Place_Keyword:
- Mississippi
- Place_Keyword:
- Gulf of Mexico
- Taxonomy:
- Keywords/Taxon:
- Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Taxonomic_Keywords:
- animals
- Taxonomic_Keywords:
- invertebrates
- Taxonomic_Keywords:
- single species
- Taxonomic_Classification:
- Taxon_Rank_Name:
- Species
- Taxon_Rank_Value:
- Crassostrea virginica
- Applicable_Common_Name:
- Eastern oyster
- Access_Constraints:
- Permission to access these data must be given by Dr. Ruth Carmichael of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab.
- Use_Constraints:
- Acknowledgment of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL), National Science Foundation REU program (2356JV), the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium (MESC)-BP Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (10-BP-GoMRI-DISL), and Northern Gulf Institute (NGI)-BP GoMRI Phase I is required in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of these data. Users should be aware that comparison with other data sets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in mapping conventions, data collection, and computer processes over time. The distributor shall not be liable for improper or incorrect use of these data, based on the description of appropriate/inappropriate uses described in the metadata document. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such.
- Point_of_Contact:
- Contact_Information:
- Contact_Person_Primary:
- Contact_Person:
- Ruth H. Carmichael
- Contact_Organization:
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab
- Contact_Position:
- Principal Investigator
- Contact_Address:
- Address_Type:
- mailing and physical
- Address:
- 101 Bienville Blvd.
- City:
- Dauphin Island
- State_or_Province:
- AL
- Postal_Code:
- 36528
- Country:
- USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone:
- 251-861-2141 ext. 7555
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
- rcarmichael@disl.org
- Hours_of_Service:
- 8-5:00 CST
- Browse_Graphic:
- Browse_Graphic_File_Name:
- http://pubs.acs.org/action/showImage?doi=10.1021%2Fes302369h&iName=master.img-002.jpg&type=master
- Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
- Study sites where oysters were deployed in Mobile Bay and surrounding waters along the Mississippi (MS)-Alabama (AL) coast. The inset shows the location of study sites relative to the Deepwater Horizon oil rig (x).
- Browse_Graphic_File_Type:
- JPEG
- Data_Set_Credit:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
Back To Index
- Data_Quality_Information:
- Logical_Consistency_Report:
- not applicable
- Completeness_Report:
- No significant data gaps exist other than as explained in the methodology sections.
- Lineage:
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Field
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Source of Oyster Shell
- Methodology_Description:
- Hatchery-reared oysters from the Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory on Dauphin Island, Alabama were transplanted at two sites in Mobile Bay (Denton Reef = 2N, Sand Reef = 2S) and three sites along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline (Grand Bay = 1, Fort Morgan = 3, Orange Beach = 4). In Mobile Bay, subadult oysters (42.1 +/- 0.8 mm shell height, n = 50) were transplanted in plastic-coated wire mesh aquaculture cages measuring 33 x 33 x 10 cm deep and suspended 1.0 m above the sediment surface (n = 3 cages per depth per site). The outer margin of each oyster shell was delineated with permanent marker prior to transplanting at these sites. At coastal sites, subadult oysters (38.1 +/- 1.0 mm shell height, n = 15) were transplanted in mesh bags similar to cages at Mobile Bay sites, but measuring 50 x 50 x 10 cm deep with 3.8 cm mesh (n = 4 bags per site). Cages loaded with bags were tethered to helix anchors and floated in 1.0 m of water.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Preparation of Oyster Shell Samples
- Methodology_Description:
- After collection, oyster shells were separated from soft tissues, thoroughly washed with ultrapure water, and dried under clean conditions in a fume hood at room temperature.
The outer margin of new growth (deposited during field exposure) on each oyster shell was ground to a fine powder using a Dremel 300 Series hand-held rotary tool with a 1.3-mm ruby arbor band and collected in a watch glass. The marginal cutting boundary was confirmed using the most conservative line based on comparison of direct growth measurements (with vernier calipers to the nearest 0.01 mm shell height), the macroscopic line of growth, and (in the case of Mobile Bay samples) a permanent marker line as independent indicators of the new growth boundary. To capture representative stable isotope values in shell material but maintain a reasonable sample number, powdered shell samples were aggregated from randomly selected oysters to produce two replicate aggregates of three or four oysters each from each site at each sampling period. We subsampled 250.0 +/- 1.5 mg of each aggregate to prepare for stable isotope analysis.
To isolate the organic portion of the powdered shell material, we removed the inorganic fraction by acidifying each subsample using 0.5-1.0% PtCl2 in 1 N HCl. A volume of 2-4 mL of acid solution was added daily to the samples with gentle stirring until samples no longer reacted with the acid (bubbling ceased). Acidification typically required 2-3 days. After acidification, samples were filtered through preashed 0.7-micrometer Millipore glass-fiber filters. Filters were washed minimally with ~5 mL ultrapure water, and dried to a constant weight at 60 degrees C.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Source and Preparation of Suspended Particulate Matter
- Methodology_Description:
- To determine stable isotope ratios in natural foods locally available to oysters, we utilized data from previous and ongoing studies at nearby sites during similar time periods, except in the cases of Denton and Sand Reef where site-specific data were collected every 2 weeks during the study period. In all cases, water was collected using a horizontal water sampler at locations of equivalent depth and salinity to study sites or (in the case of Mobile Bay sites) immediately adjacent to transplant cages (n = 31 Denton Reef; n = 33 Sand Reef). For Grand Bay, we analyzed SPM data collected June-September 2010 from nearby Bayou La Batre, Alabama (n = 14). For Fort Morgan, we used SPM data collected in January and June 2010 from an adjacent site a few kilometers to the west on Fort Morgan (n = 14), and for Orange Beach, we used SPM data collected in June 2008 from a site within the intracoastal waterway, north of the transplant location (n = 13).
Water was prefiltered through a 200-micrometer mesh, vacuum filtered onto preashed 0.7-micrometer glass-fiber filters, and dried to a constant weight at 60 degrees C.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Source of Oil
- Methodology_Description:
- Weathered oil samples were collected from coastal areas near or at oyster transplant sites, including Petit Bois Island (near Grand Bay, n = 1), Dauphin Island (near Mobile Bay sites, n = 4), Gulf Shores (near Fort Morgan, n = 5), and Orange Beach (n = 2). To confirm that the samples were derived from the DWHOS, we haphazardly selected samples from among the different locations of study and chemically fingerprinted 25% of the total number of weathered oil samples.
Oil samples were source matched to MC252 reference material obtained from BP Gulf Coast Restoration Organization (GCRO), including Massachusetts surrogate oil (MASS) and weathered oil from the surface (OFS), which are defined by BP GCRO as chemically and toxicologically similar to the Macondo Well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252. We compared the quantitative ratios of key markers (many of which are resistant to weathering) of petroleum hydrocarbons within the source oil to the same marker compounds in collected samples. Samples were dissolved in methylene chloride, and extracts were analyzed using capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data were acquired in the selective ion mode. Ions and retention time windows were set to detect saturated hydrocarbons from C10 to C40 (ion 57), hopane and sterane tri to penta cyclic biomarkers (191, 217, 218, 231), and the following petroleum marker compounds and their alkyl homologues: naphthalene (ions 128, 142, 156, 170, 184), fluorene (166, 180, 194, 208), phenanthrene (178, 192, 206, 220, 234), dibenzothiophene (184, 198, 212, 226), benzo(a)anthracene, and chrysene (228, 242, 256, 270 284). Taking into consideration small daily instrumental variations and the fact that samples may contain different overall quantities of oily residues, we defined conclusive source identification when at least 90% of the biomarker compounds in the environmental sample matched the source oil.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Preparation of Oil
- Methodology_Description:
- Subsamples from the interior of each weathered oil sample (8-13 mg for C, 30-60 mg for N) were added dropwise to 2.0 mg of CHROMOSORB WAW (ThermoFisher Scientific). Samples were incubated at 60 degrees C for up to 96 hours to remove residual water prior to stable isotope analysis.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Stable Isotope Analysis: Oyster Shell, SPM, Oil
- Methodology_Description:
- Samples were analyzed at the UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility by continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS; 20-20 mass spectrometer, PDZ Europa) after sample combustion to CO2 and N2 in an online elemental analyzer (PDZ Europa). Gases were separated on a Carbosieve G column (Supelco) before introduction to the CFIRMS. As internal controls, blank filters and tins were analyzed along with an acetanilide standard (Fisher Scientific) of known isotope ratio and pseudoreplicates of randomly chosen samples, representing ~10% of the total sample number, to ensure variation of <0.2 parts per thousand due to sample handling and instrument reproducibility.
- Methodology:
- Methodology_Type:
- Lab
- Methodology_Identifier:
- Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus:
- None
- Methodology_Keyword:
- Trace Element Analyses: Oyster Shell
- Methodology_Description:
- Oysters transplanted at coastal sites during possible and post-spill exposure periods were analyzed for six elements which have been highlighted for use in detection of hydrocarbon pollution (Cd, Co, Mo, Ni, Pd, V). Shells were initially scrubbed in distilled deionized water with a soft brush to remove loosely attached biogenic and inorganic particles. Further cleaning was conducted, for each shell, with 5% weight to volume hydrogen peroxide (20 min), and rinsed with deionized distilled water (5 min). All samples were dried in a fume hood for 24 h. For each transplant period, three right valves of oyster shells were selected from each site and divided into three or four shell splits of equal length (~1.3 cm), depending on the length of the shell. The inner segments of shell toward the umbo region served as control samples because they corresponded to older growth in the hatchery or at T0 sites before deployment, while the outer margin of shell represented new growth during the period of transplant. Old and new growth regions were identified using the independent measurements of shell growth described for stable isotope analyses. Samples were prepared by dissolving 35 mg of shell powder in 30 mL of a 10% HNO3 solution and passing the resulting mixture through a 20-micrometer filter. Major and minor elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma−optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in the University of Alabama Department of Geological Sciences analytical geochemistry laboratory, with instrumental sensitivity of 10 ppb and +/-8% error at 2 sigma. For all elements, a multi-element inorganic calibration standard (High Purity Inc.) and quality control standards (CPI International) were used for analyses. Calibration was performed using concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 ppm (or mg L-1) to within +/-5%.
- Process_Step:
- Process_Description:
- See Methodology sections for full descriptions of how data were obtained.
- Process_Date:
- Unknown
Back To Index
- Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
- Detailed_Description:
- Entity_Type:
- Entity_Type_Label:
- Avg Values
- Entity_Type_Definition:
- A summary table of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios by site and material analyzed.
- Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Site
- Attribute_Definition:
- The location where the sample was collected.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Denton
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Denton Reef. The north end of the north-south trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Sand
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Sand Reef. The south end of the north-south trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Grand Bay
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Grand Bay, Mississippi. The west end of the east-west trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Fort Morgan
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Fort Morgan, Alabama.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Orange Beach
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Orange Beach, Alabama. The east end of the east-west trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Coastal
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Grand Bay, Fort Morgan, and Orange Beach
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Mobile Bay
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Denton Reef and Sand Reef within Mobile Bay
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Material
- Attribute_Definition:
- The type of sample that was analyzed.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- shell
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- oyster shell
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- SPM
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- suspended particulate matter
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- oil
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- delta 15N
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 of the sample compared to the ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 of the reference, multiplied by 1000.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0.97
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 11.13
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- 15N se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error for delta 15N.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- -1.13
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 1.74
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- delta 13C
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 of the sample compared to the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 of the reference, multiplied by 1000.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- -27.26
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- -15.18
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- 13C se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error for delta 13C.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 2.48
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Detailed_Description:
- Entity_Type:
- Entity_Type_Label:
- Raw Values
- Entity_Type_Definition:
- A detailed table of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for each sample.
- Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Site
- Attribute_Definition:
- The location where the sample was collected.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Denton
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Denton Reef. The north end of the north-south trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Sand
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Sand Reef. The south end of the north-south trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Grand Bay
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Grand Bay, Mississippi. The west end of the east-west trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Fort Morgan
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Fort Morgan, Alabama.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Orange Beach
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Orange Beach, Alabama. The east end of the east-west trajectory. Sometimes abbreviated "OB."
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- BLB
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Bayou La Batre, Alabama. A proxy source site for SPM for Grand Bay.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- T0 2008
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Time Zero for 2008 samples.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- T0 Coastal
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Time Zero for 2010 samples from coastal sites (Grand Bay, Fort Morgan, Orange Beach).
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- T0 MB
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Time Zero for 2010 samples from Mobile Bay sites (Denton Reef, Sand Reef).
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Latitude
- Attribute_Definition:
- The latitude of the sampling location.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 30.23994
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 30.40594
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- decimal degrees
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Longitude
- Attribute_Definition:
- The longitude of the sampling location.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- -88.46327
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- -87.51488
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- decimal degrees
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Material Type
- Attribute_Definition:
- The type of sample that was analyzed.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- shell
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- oyster shell
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- SPM
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- suspended particulate matter
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Treatment
- Attribute_Definition:
- Whether and when Deepwater Horizon oil had been present at the sampling location.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- possible
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Possible exposure. During spill; oil reported along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline, surface and subsurface oil exposure possible.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- post
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Post-spill exposure. Deepwater Horizon well was shut down, surface oil was absent from the Mississippi-Alabama coast, subsurface oil exposure possible.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- unlikely
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- During spill; hatchery stock held at Point aux Pines prior to transplanting, during active spilling of oil, but prior to documented presence of oil along the coast.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- none
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Pre-spill; hatchery stock held on Dauphin Island at a site central to coastal and Mobile Bay transplant sites prior to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- N/A
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- not applicable
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Date
- Attribute_Definition:
- The date that the sample was collected.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 6/12/08
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 10/7/10
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- month/day/year
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- delta 13C
- Attribute_Definition:
- Ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 of the sample compared to the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 of the reference, multiplied by 1000.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- -29.31048
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- -12.69236
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- delta 15N
- Attribute_Definition:
- Ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 of the sample compared to the ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 of the reference, multiplied by 1000.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 2.26876
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 11.41675
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- parts per thousand
- Detailed_Description:
- Entity_Type:
- Entity_Type_Label:
- Avg Trace Metals
- Entity_Type_Definition:
- A summary table of trace metal presence in oyster shells by site and shell section analyzed. Data include only samples where concentrations were above detection limits.
- Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Site
- Attribute_Definition:
- The location where the sample was collected.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Grand Bay
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Grand Bay, Mississippi. The west end of the east-west trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Fort Morgan
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Fort Morgan, Alabama.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- Orange Beach
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Orange Beach, Alabama. The east end of the east-west trajectory.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Treatment
- Attribute_Definition:
- Whether and when Deepwater Horizon oil had been present at the sampling location.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- possible
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Possible exposure. During spill; oil reported along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline, surface and subsurface oil exposure possible.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- post
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- Post-spill exposure. Deepwater Horizon well was shut down, surface oil was absent from the Mississippi-Alabama coast, subsurface oil exposure possible.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Date
- Attribute_Definition:
- The month and year that the sample was collected.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- July-10
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- October-10
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- month-year
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- shell section
- Attribute_Definition:
- The part of the oyster shell that was analyzed.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Enumerated_Domain:
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- old
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- The shell material was formed before the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Enumerated_Domain_Value:
- new
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
- The shell material was formed after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
- Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Cd
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average cadmium concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0244
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Cd se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average cadmium concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0004
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Co
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average cobalt concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0245
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Co se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average cobalt concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0006
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Mo
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average molybdenum concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0151
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Mo se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average molybdenum concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0117
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Ni
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average nickel concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0130
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Ni se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average nickel concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0120
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Pb
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average lead concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0615
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- Pb se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average lead concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0559
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- V
- Attribute_Definition:
- Average vanadium concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0615
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
- Attribute:
- Attribute_Label:
- V se
- Attribute_Definition:
- Standard error of average vanadium concentration.
- Attribute_Definition_Source:
- DISL: Carmichael Lab
- Attribute_Domain_Values:
- Range_Domain:
- Range_Domain_Minimum:
- 0
- Range_Domain_Maximum:
- 0.0313
- Attribute_Units_of_Measure:
- milligram per liter
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- Metadata_Reference_Information:
- Metadata_Date:
- 20130416
- Metadata_Contact:
- Contact_Information:
- Contact_Organization_Primary:
- Contact_Organization:
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab
- Contact_Position:
- Data Management Specialist
- Contact_Address:
- Address_Type:
- mailing and physical
- Address:
- 101 Bienville Blvd.
- City:
- Dauphin Island
- State_or_Province:
- Al
- Postal_Code:
- 36528
- Country:
- USA
- Contact_Voice_Telephone:
- 251-861-2141
- Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
- metadata@disl.org
- Hours_of_Service:
- 8-5:00 CST
- Contact_Instructions:
- Please email the metadata specialist for further information.
- Metadata_Standard_Name:
- FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
- Metadata_Standard_Version:
- FGDC-STD-001-1998
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